This report focuses on three states where our initial research indicated that-despite some reforms-the issue remains particularly acute: Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.ĭrawing on data provided by or obtained from these states, presented here for the first time, and interviews with 164 people incarcerated for supervision violations, family members, government officials, practitioners, advocates, and experts, we document the tripwires in these states leading to incarceration. The extent of the problem varies among states, and in recent years multiple jurisdictions have enacted reforms to limit incarceration for supervision violations. This report documents how and why supervision winds up landing many people in jail and prison-feeding mass incarceration rather than curtailing it. Black and brown people are both disproportionately subjected to supervision and incarcerated for violations. These figures do not include people locked up for supervision violations in jails, for which there is little nationwide data. A different set of data for the previous year from the Council of State Governments, which includes all types of probation violations-but is limited to state prison populations-shows that 45 percent of all US state prison admissions stemmed from probation and parole violations. This number climbed to a high of 36 percent in 2008, and, in 2018, the last year for which data is available, was 28 percent. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), in the late 1970s, 16 percent of US state and federal prison admissions stemmed from violations of parole and some types of probation. Over the past several decades, arbitrary and overly harsh supervision regimes have led people back into US jails and prisons-feeding mass incarceration. Supervision rates vary vastly by state, from one in every 168 people in New Hampshire, to one in every 18 in Georgia. As of 2016, the last year for which supervision data is available, 2.2 million people were incarcerated in United States jails and prisons, but more than twice as many, 4.5 million people-or one in every 55-were under supervision. Throughout the past 50 years, the use of probation (a sentence often imposed just after conviction) and parole (served after incarceration) has soared alongside jail and prison populations. Supervision, it is claimed, will keep people out of prison and help them get back on their feet.
Probation, parole, and other forms of supervision are marketed as alternatives to incarceration in the United States. –Monique Taylor (pseudonym), who has served years on probation in Pennsylvania for conduct related to a long-standing drug dependence didn’t want to hear that I need help they just gave me time. You walk around with a rope tied around your leg to the prison door.
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